Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder characterized by persistent abnormalities in kidney structure or function lasting at least three months. It is a major global public health problem associated with increased morbidity, mortality, cardiovascular complications, and healthcare costs. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension remain the leading causes of CKD worldwide, although glomerular diseases, hereditary disorders, autoimmune diseases, and obstructive nephropathies also contribute substantially. Patients with CKD often present with fatigue, edema, hypertension, anemia, electrolyte disturbances, and progressive decline in renal function. Early diagnosis, risk factor modification, appropriate pharmacological therapy, and multidisciplinary management can delay disease progression and improve quality of life. This review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic evaluation, complications, management, and future perspectives of chronic kidney disease.